Government 2035 
Commitment Tracker

Over 100% of Albania’’s electricity production is from renewable energy. Norway relies on hydropower for a large share of its renewable power, which comes with significant biodiversity concerns. The Norwegian government must accelerate the deployment of more sustainable sources of renewables, including wind and solar.

In 2021, the Austrian government passed a law committing to meet 100% of its electricity demand with renewable energy by 2030. In 2023, Austria signed onto a joint Pentalateral Forum statement committing to the full decarbonisation of its power system by 2035, although this statement is not clear enough on if and when fossil fuels will be fully phased out. The 2021 law remains Austria’s actual legal framework.  

Austria relies on hydropower for a large share of its renewable power, which comes with significant biodiversity concerns. Austria will need to resolve these issues as the country implements its commitment.

In 2023, the Belgian government signed onto a joint Pentalateral Forum statement, committing to the full decarbonisation of its power system by 2035. However, the language of this statement is not clear enough on if and when fossil fuels will be fully phased out. Belgium is proposing to meet 48.5% of its electricity demand from renewable sources by 2030 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). Current proposals do not exclude the construction of new nuclear power plants and include plans for unproven carbon capture storage and fossil hydrogen. Belgium is also building new gas power plants with no clear plan on how they will run without fossil gas after 2035.

Belgium will need to resolve these issues as part of firming up its commitments for a renewables-based power sector.

The government of Bosnia and Herzegovina has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is proposing to meet 70.1% of its electricity demand from renewable sources by 2030 according to its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP), which would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Bulgarian government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda. Bulgaria is proposing to meet 42.2% of its electricity demand from renewable sources by 2030 according to its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP), which would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Croatian government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda. The Croatian government has proposed a target to generate 74% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 as part of its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP) and phase out coal by 2033. This would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Cypriot government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda. Cyprus is proposing to meet 31.5% of its electricity demand with renewable sources by 2030 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). This would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Czech government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda. The Czech Republic has proposed unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants.

By 2030, Denmark will produce over 100% of its electricity from renewable sources, with more than 90% coming from wind and solar. In the same timeframe Denmark will more than double its total power generation, and turn from being a net-power importer to become a net exporter of renewable electricity.

The Estonian government has set in law a commitment to produce electricity from renewable sources equivalent to 100% of the country’s annual electricity consumption by 2030. However, the government has asked the Estonian parliament to vote later this year on an unrealistic proposal to build a small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) by 2030, which undermines the credibility of the commitment to a fossil-free, fully renewables-based electricity system.

The Finnish government has not made an explicit commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035. However, Finland has set a target for the country to be carbon neutral by 2035, including the power sector. The Finnish national energy and climate plan (NECP) draft proposes to meet 57% of the country’s electricity from renewables by 2030. The government announced it will publish its revised road map to decarbonise its power sector in 2024. However, the government is currently relying heavily on a voluntary phase out of fossil gas and peat from the electricity system and is pursuing unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants.

In 2023, the French government signed onto a joint Pentalateral Forum statement, committing to the full decarbonisation of its power system by 2035. However, this statement is not clear enough on if and when fossil fuels will be fully phased out. France also signed a G7 commitment in 2023 to fully or predominantly decarbonise its power sector by 2035 but this statement also has insufficiently clear language. France’s ambition to increase electricity demand massively by 2035 would require a very steep acceleration of renewables deployment and efficiency measures to remove all fossil fuels by 2035. Although France plans to accelerate the deployment of solar and offshore wind, it wrongly disregards onshore wind as a credible solution and keeps delaying plans to improve the efficiency of buildings. France has proposed unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants, and to rely on carbon capture storage and increased bioenergy in the power sector.

In 2023, the German government signed onto a joint Pentalateral Forum statement, committing to the full decarbonisation of its power system by 2035. However, this statement is not clear enough on if and when fossil fuels will be fully phased out. Germany also signed a G7 commitment in 2023 to fully or predominantly decarbonise its power sector by 2035 but this statement also has insufficiently clear language. Germany has proposed to generate 96% of its electricity with renewables by 2035 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). However, it is moving ahead with the construction of at least 10GW (and up to 24GW) of new gas-fired power plants without robust plans for their phase out, while envisaging a problematic overreliance on green hydrogen, and without considering battery storage and demand flexibility as alternative capacity options. Germany will need to resolve these issues as the country firms up its commitments to transition to a renewables-based power sector by 2035.

The Greek government has proposed to significantly increase the share of renewables in its power system to 96.7% in 2035 and just under 99% in 2040 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). This commitment puts Greece very close to being in line with a full fossil fuel phase out from its power sector by 2035, although it is also moving ahead with the construction of new gas-fired power plants. Greece has made progress expanding energy communities and residential solar projects, however quantitative targets are still lacking. Greece has expressed the intention of investing in problematic carbon capture storage, but no concrete plans have yet been published. Greece will need to resolve these issues as the country implements its transition to a renewables-based power sector by 2035.

The Hungarian government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda. Hungary is building three new gas-fired power plants and has proposed unrealistic plans to construct a new nuclear plant. Hungary is proposing to meet 31% of its electricity demand with renewable sources by 2030 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). This would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Irish government has set a target to produce 80% of its power from renewables by 2030. However, it has plans to build a number of new gas plants with little clarity on how they would fit into a fully decarbonised power system. Government documents make reference to a “near net zero emissions power system” by 2035 but no official government position has been adopted on this. Although there is not yet an explicit policy commitment, the country’s climate law and legally binding carbon budget regime require the almost complete decarbonisation of the power sector by 2040 at the latest, including large-scale reduction in fossil gas demand for electricity production.

The Italian government signed onto a G7 commitment in 2023 to fully or predominantly decarbonise its power sector by 2035. However, this statement is not strong enough, nor is it clear enough on if and when fossil fuels will be fully phased out. The Italian government has not moved to implement the G7 commitment in Italy. There are concerns that Italy’s proposed 2030 renewable electricity target of 65% (in its draft national energy and climate plan or NECP) is not in line with a 2035 fossil fuel phase out, and that Italy will continue to subsidise new gas power plants.

The government of Kosovo has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

Coal currently provides 95% of Kosovo’s electricity. The Kosovan government has proposed to increase the share of renewables in its power system to 72% in 2040 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). This pledge should be higher if it is to be in line with a phase out of fossil fuels from the power sector by 2035.

Latvia has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power sector and replace them with renewable energy by 2035. The Latvian government has proposed to increase the share of renewables in its power system to 70% in 2030 draft national energy and climate plan. This pledge should be higher if it is to be in line with a phase out of fossil fuels from the power sector by 2035.

The Lithuanian government has committed to produce 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030. This objective was approved by the Lithuanian parliament in December 2023.

The Luxembourg government has committed to produce 100% of its electricity from renewables by 2035. However, Luxembourg plans to finance renewable energy projects in other EU countries to meet a large share of this commitment, which could lead to insufficient renewable deployment in its national territory. In 2023, Luxembourg signed onto a joint Pentalateral Forum statement, committing to the full decarbonisation of its power system by 2035.

The Maltese government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

The Moldovan government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

Moldova is proposing to meet 34.1% of its electricity demand with renewable sources by 2030 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). This would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The government of Montenegro has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

Montenegro is planning to shut its coal plant by 2035 and with no fossil gas in its power mix, its electricity system could be in line to achieve 100% renewable electricity by 2035 if the new government adopts such a commitment.

In 2023, the Dutch government signed onto a joint Pentalateral Forum statement, committing to the full decarbonisation of its power system by 2035. However, this statement is not clear enough on if and when fossil fuels will be fully phased out. It has also committed to a ‘carbon-neutral’ power sector by 2035 but this commitment also is not clear enough on the future role of fossil fuels. The Netherlands is proposing to meet 86.2% of its electricity demand from renewable sources by 2030 in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). The Netherlands continues to build new gas power plants.

The government of North Macedonia has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

North Macedonia plans to phase out coal by 2027. Plans to build new gas power plants and renewables are unclear as North Macedonia has not submitted an updated draft national energy and climate plan (NECP). Renewables are modelled to make up 80% of the country’s electricity system by 2040 in their most ambitious scenario, however this would not be enough to put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035 if adopted as government policy.

Over 99% of Norway’s electricity production is from renewable energy. Norway relies on hydropower for a large share of its renewable power, which comes with significant biodiversity concerns. The Norwegian government must accelerate the deployment of more sustainable sources of renewables, including wind and solar.

The Polish government announced it will revise its national 2030 energy targets in 2024. This revision would need to address barriers to onshore wind and bring forward the coal phase out date from 2049 to 2030 to be in line with Europe’s climate targets. Poland continues to build new gas-fired power plants and has unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants.

In 2022, the Portuguese government passed a law to ban the use of fossil fuels to produce electricity after 2040. The country has since announced its intention to to increase the share of renewables in its power system to 85% in 2030.

The fossil fuel ban would have to be advanced by five years to be in line with the need to phase out fossil fuels from the power sector by 2035.

The Romanian government has not made an explicit commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewables by 2035. However, according to Romania’s Long-term Climate Strategy, which was approved by the Romanian government in December 2023, Romania’s power system should be fossil fuel free by 2036. This scenario includes replacing gas with hydrogen and ‘low emission fuels’, which raises questions of credibility and sustainability. In its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP), the Romanian government has proposed to meet 55.8% of its electricity demand from renewable sources by 2030. This figure should be higher to support the phase out of fossil gas on schedule and without relying on unsustainable alternative fuels. Romania continues to pursue unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants.

The Serbian government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

The Serbian government has proposed a target to generate 45% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 as part of its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP) and plans to continue using fossil gas beyond 2050. This would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Slovakian government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

The Slovakian government has proposed a target to generate 29.5% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 as part of its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP) and phase out coal by 2033. This would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Slovenian government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda.

The Slovenian government has proposed a target to generate 52.3% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 as part of its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP) and phase out coal by 2033. This would not put it on track to fully phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable sources by 2035.

The Spanish government has not made an explicit commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035. However, it has included in its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP) the aim to produce 81% of its electricity from renewables by 2030. The same draft NECP brings forward the coal phase out from 2030 to 2025. There is no planned decline in gas-fired power plant capacity between now and 2030. In fact, there are plans to build new gas capacity by converting the Aboño coal plant. In order to achieve a transition to a power system based on 100% renewable electricity by 2035, Spain must set a target to phase out gas-fired power plants by 2035 at the latest.

In 2017, the Swedish government committed to produce 100% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2040. However, in 2023 the government changed this target to 100% fossil-free electricity and announced unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants and to decrease the share of renewable energy in its power system.

The Swiss government has passed a law enshrining the target of reaching 100% renewable electricity by 2026. However, a referendum to repeal this law is due in June 2024.

The Turkish government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda. Despite a commitment to achieve net zero emissions by 2053, the Turkish National Energy Plan only sees the share of renewables in electricity generation reaching 54.7% by 2035, and includes plans to build 1.7 GW of new coal-fired power plants and 10 GW of new gas-fired power plants by 2035.

In 2021, the UK government committed to decarbonise its power sector by 2035, however the commitment has not been followed up with a credible delivery plan. The UK also signed a G7 commitment in 2023 to fully or predominantly decarbonise its power sector by 2035. However, this statement is not strong enough, nor is it clear enough on if and when fossil fuels will be fully phased out. The UK government continues to pursue unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants, and foresees an ongoing role for biomass, which is likely to be relied upon to provide ‘negative emissions’ towards 2050.

The UK will need to resolve these issues as part of firming up its commitments for a renewables-based power sector.

The Ukrainian government has not made a commitment to fully phase out fossil fuels from its power system and replace them with renewable energy by 2035, nor is this on the political agenda. The government approved a new energy strategy in 2023 but it has not yet been published. According to its draft national energy and climate plan (NECP), Ukraine is proposing to meet 25.4% of its electricity from renewables by 2030. Ukraine continues to pursue unrealistic plans to build new nuclear power plants.